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The use of immunohistochemistry is common, simple, rapid, and automated. However, there are several drawbacks, such as the interpretation&#039;s subjectivity, semi-quantitative nature, and susceptibility to a wide range of testing protocol modifications. Proper fixation is important for immunohistochemistry. Organelles and proteins are both preserved by formalin. Rapid tissue penetration allows it to bind to the amino acids found in every one of the proteins in a specimen, causing cross-links to form that stops the specimen from degrading. Proteins&#039; 3D conformation changes as a result of cross-linking lower their immunoreactivity. &lt;br&gt;Without adequate pre-treatment, over-fixation results in false-negative results. Underfixation causes 10% neutral-buffered formalin to quickly penetrate tissues, whereas &quot;cross-links&#039;  are formed relatively slowly and are easily reversible. The result is difficult to interpret and tissues are more susceptible to further damage by antigen retrieval. Dr. Nirmala Padmanathan, an associate professor and anatomical pathologist, speaks on recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.

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